2013 Vol. 37, No. 7
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2013, 37(7): 073101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/073101
Abstract:
The recent measurements on RK and Rπ imply that there exists a possible violation of the leptonic flavor universality which is one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model. It is suggested that a mixing between sterile and active neutrinos might induce such a violation. In this work we consider the scenarios with one or two sterile neutrinos to explicitly realize the data while the constraints from the available experiments have been taken into account. Moreover, as indicated in literature, the deviation of the real PMNS matrix from the symmetric patterns may be due to a μ-τ asymmetry, therefore the measurements on RD(Ds)eμ=Γ(D(Ds)→ e+νe)/Γ(D(Ds)→ μ+νμ) and RD(Ds)μτ=Γ(D(Ds)→ μ+νμ)/Γ(D(Ds)→ τ+ντ) (and for some other heavy mesons B± and Bc etc.) may shed more light on the physics responsible for the violation of the leptonic flavor universality. The data of BESⅢ are available to test the universality and that of future charm-tau factories will provide more accurate information. In this work, we will discuss RD(Ds)eμ and RD(Ds)μτ in detail and also briefly consider the cases for B± and Bc.
The recent measurements on RK and Rπ imply that there exists a possible violation of the leptonic flavor universality which is one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model. It is suggested that a mixing between sterile and active neutrinos might induce such a violation. In this work we consider the scenarios with one or two sterile neutrinos to explicitly realize the data while the constraints from the available experiments have been taken into account. Moreover, as indicated in literature, the deviation of the real PMNS matrix from the symmetric patterns may be due to a μ-τ asymmetry, therefore the measurements on RD(Ds)eμ=Γ(D(Ds)→ e+νe)/Γ(D(Ds)→ μ+νμ) and RD(Ds)μτ=Γ(D(Ds)→ μ+νμ)/Γ(D(Ds)→ τ+ντ) (and for some other heavy mesons B± and Bc etc.) may shed more light on the physics responsible for the violation of the leptonic flavor universality. The data of BESⅢ are available to test the universality and that of future charm-tau factories will provide more accurate information. In this work, we will discuss RD(Ds)eμ and RD(Ds)μτ in detail and also briefly consider the cases for B± and Bc.
2013, 37(7): 073102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/073102
Abstract:
We discuss the production of ηc(2S) through the process e+e-→γηc(2S), where the leading contribution originates from 1-loop electroweak corrections. Adopting some reasonable light-cone distribution amplitudes, we analyze the cross section of this process. As the electron-positron center of mass energy √s=3770 MeV, the typical production cross section of this process is about 1 fb.
We discuss the production of ηc(2S) through the process e+e-→γηc(2S), where the leading contribution originates from 1-loop electroweak corrections. Adopting some reasonable light-cone distribution amplitudes, we analyze the cross section of this process. As the electron-positron center of mass energy √s=3770 MeV, the typical production cross section of this process is about 1 fb.
2013, 37(7): 073103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/073103
Abstract:
Based on the branching fractions of J/ψ→VP from different experiments, we investigate the properties of the coupling constants of J/ψ→VP decays using a model-dependent approach. We find that the octet coupling constant, g8, of strong interaction is about twice larger than that of the singlet coupling constant g1; the electromag- netic breaking parameters gEi are larger than the mass breaking parameters gMi, moreover, the three parameters of the electromagnetic effect are about equal, but the three parameters of the mass effect are obviously different and their uncertainties are also large; and the phase angle between strong and electromagnetic interactions is in the range of 70°-80°. It deepens our understanding of the coupling constant of J/ψ→VP decays.
Based on the branching fractions of J/ψ→VP from different experiments, we investigate the properties of the coupling constants of J/ψ→VP decays using a model-dependent approach. We find that the octet coupling constant, g8, of strong interaction is about twice larger than that of the singlet coupling constant g1; the electromag- netic breaking parameters gEi are larger than the mass breaking parameters gMi, moreover, the three parameters of the electromagnetic effect are about equal, but the three parameters of the mass effect are obviously different and their uncertainties are also large; and the phase angle between strong and electromagnetic interactions is in the range of 70°-80°. It deepens our understanding of the coupling constant of J/ψ→VP decays.
2013, 37(7): 073104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/073104
Abstract:
We study S-wave solutions of the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) equation in the presence of a hyperbolical potential in (1+3)-dimensional space-time for spin-one particles. The exact analytical Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method is used in the calculations to obtain the eigenfunctions and the corresponding eigenvalues. Some figures and numerical values are included to give a better insight to the solutions.
We study S-wave solutions of the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) equation in the presence of a hyperbolical potential in (1+3)-dimensional space-time for spin-one particles. The exact analytical Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method is used in the calculations to obtain the eigenfunctions and the corresponding eigenvalues. Some figures and numerical values are included to give a better insight to the solutions.
2013, 37(7): 074001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/074001
Abstract:
A complete set of n+233U neutron reaction data from 10-5 eV-20 MeV is updated and revised based on the evaluated experimental data and the feedback information of various benchmark tests. The main revised quantities are nubars, cross sections as well as angular distributions, etc. The benchmark tests indicate that the present evaluated data achieve very promising results.
A complete set of n+233U neutron reaction data from 10-5 eV-20 MeV is updated and revised based on the evaluated experimental data and the feedback information of various benchmark tests. The main revised quantities are nubars, cross sections as well as angular distributions, etc. The benchmark tests indicate that the present evaluated data achieve very promising results.
2013, 37(7): 074101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/074101
Abstract:
We apply the derivative coupling model with ZM and ZM3 parameters to investigate the longitudinal response function in quasielastic electron scattering in the relativistic random phase approximation. The non-spectral method is chosen to describe the nucleon Green's function in a finite nucleus. Some remarks have been made in conclusion.
We apply the derivative coupling model with ZM and ZM3 parameters to investigate the longitudinal response function in quasielastic electron scattering in the relativistic random phase approximation. The non-spectral method is chosen to describe the nucleon Green's function in a finite nucleus. Some remarks have been made in conclusion.
2013, 37(7): 074102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/074102
Abstract:
The low-lying energy levels and electromagnetic transitions of even-even nuclei 98Zr, 100Zr, 102Zr, 104Zr are studied within the framework of the interacting boson model. The Hamiltonian matrix elements and some of their states have been respectively analyzed and determined with respect to the current nuclear experimental data. The B(E2) of electromagnetic transitions have also been calculated and the wave function structures also analyzed. The results show good agreement with the available experimental data. The present study shows that these series of nuclei are in the transition from U(5) to SU(3), namely from vibration to rotation.
The low-lying energy levels and electromagnetic transitions of even-even nuclei 98Zr, 100Zr, 102Zr, 104Zr are studied within the framework of the interacting boson model. The Hamiltonian matrix elements and some of their states have been respectively analyzed and determined with respect to the current nuclear experimental data. The B(E2) of electromagnetic transitions have also been calculated and the wave function structures also analyzed. The results show good agreement with the available experimental data. The present study shows that these series of nuclei are in the transition from U(5) to SU(3), namely from vibration to rotation.
2013, 37(7): 076001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/076001
Abstract:
An attenuation length measurement device was constructed using an oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing. The performance of the device has been tested in a variety of ways. The test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent). Besides, the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used. The attenuation length of a gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10±0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment. In addition, one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device, the R-square reached 0.9995. Moreover, three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment.
An attenuation length measurement device was constructed using an oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing. The performance of the device has been tested in a variety of ways. The test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent). Besides, the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used. The attenuation length of a gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10±0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment. In addition, one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device, the R-square reached 0.9995. Moreover, three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment.
2013, 37(7): 077001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077001
Abstract:
The proton beam window (PBW) is one of the key devices of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It is the boundary between transport line and target. This paper will present a new PBW structure and detailed thermal-stress analysis. The energy deposition and scattering effect need to be low when the beam passes through the PBW, so proper selection of material and structure is important. According to the study of energy deposition, A5083-O is selected as the PBW material. A single-double layer structure is first proposed based on the study of cooling structures. Thermal analysis and structural optimization are discussed, and transient analysis is done to show the effect of the beam pulse. Besides, safety is confirmed for cases of cooling tunnel blockage, beam profile shrinkage, or centroid orbit offset. All these analyses show the newly designed PBW structure can meet the requirements of the CSNS well.
The proton beam window (PBW) is one of the key devices of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It is the boundary between transport line and target. This paper will present a new PBW structure and detailed thermal-stress analysis. The energy deposition and scattering effect need to be low when the beam passes through the PBW, so proper selection of material and structure is important. According to the study of energy deposition, A5083-O is selected as the PBW material. A single-double layer structure is first proposed based on the study of cooling structures. Thermal analysis and structural optimization are discussed, and transient analysis is done to show the effect of the beam pulse. Besides, safety is confirmed for cases of cooling tunnel blockage, beam profile shrinkage, or centroid orbit offset. All these analyses show the newly designed PBW structure can meet the requirements of the CSNS well.
2013, 37(7): 077002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077002
Abstract:
A superconducting quarter-wave resonator (QWR) of frequency=162.5 MHz and β =0.085 (β=v/c) has been designed at Peking University. The multipacting (MP) simulation and analysis for the QWR with CST Particle Studio has been performed. The simulation results reveal that there is no sign of MP with its normal operating accelerating gradients in the range of 6-8 MV/m. The accelerating gradient range that may incur MP is from about 1.4 to 3.2 MV/m, and the places where MP may be encountered are mainly located at the top part of the QWR. So the effect of different top geometries on MP has also been studied in depth. Our results show that an inward convex round roof is better than other round roofs, and plane roofs have an advantage over round roofs on the suppression of MP in general. While considering the optimization of its electromagnetic (EM) design, our initial designed model is also acceptable.
A superconducting quarter-wave resonator (QWR) of frequency=162.5 MHz and β =0.085 (β=v/c) has been designed at Peking University. The multipacting (MP) simulation and analysis for the QWR with CST Particle Studio has been performed. The simulation results reveal that there is no sign of MP with its normal operating accelerating gradients in the range of 6-8 MV/m. The accelerating gradient range that may incur MP is from about 1.4 to 3.2 MV/m, and the places where MP may be encountered are mainly located at the top part of the QWR. So the effect of different top geometries on MP has also been studied in depth. Our results show that an inward convex round roof is better than other round roofs, and plane roofs have an advantage over round roofs on the suppression of MP in general. While considering the optimization of its electromagnetic (EM) design, our initial designed model is also acceptable.
2013, 37(7): 077003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077003
Abstract:
The E-field of pulse line ion accelerator (PLIA) is unique with high frequency (～ MHz), large magnitude (～ MV/m), and limited measuring space (～ cm). The integrated optical E-field sensor (IOES) has remarkable advantages and has been used for PLIA E-field measurement. Firstly, the transfer function of the IOES has been calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy. The time-domain response illustrates that the sensor has a fast dynamic performance to effectively follow a 4 ns rising edge. Then, the E-field distribution along the axis and near the insulator surface of the PLIA was measured, showing that propagation of the E-field is almost lossless and the E-field near the insulation surface is about 1.1 times larger than that along the axis, which is in accordance with the simulation result.
The E-field of pulse line ion accelerator (PLIA) is unique with high frequency (～ MHz), large magnitude (～ MV/m), and limited measuring space (～ cm). The integrated optical E-field sensor (IOES) has remarkable advantages and has been used for PLIA E-field measurement. Firstly, the transfer function of the IOES has been calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy. The time-domain response illustrates that the sensor has a fast dynamic performance to effectively follow a 4 ns rising edge. Then, the E-field distribution along the axis and near the insulator surface of the PLIA was measured, showing that propagation of the E-field is almost lossless and the E-field near the insulation surface is about 1.1 times larger than that along the axis, which is in accordance with the simulation result.
2013, 37(7): 077004. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077004
Abstract:
Now that the CSNS ion source test stand has been stably working for years, an online control system for the CSNS ion source which aims to be more stable and reliable is now under development. F3RP61-2L, a new PLC CPU module running an embedded Linux system, is introduced to the system as an IOC, to function together with the I/O modules of FA-M3 PLC on the PLC-bus. The adoption of the new IOC not only simplifies the architecture of the control system, but also improves the data transmission speed. In this paper, the design and development of the supervisory and control system for the CSNS ion source are described.
Now that the CSNS ion source test stand has been stably working for years, an online control system for the CSNS ion source which aims to be more stable and reliable is now under development. F3RP61-2L, a new PLC CPU module running an embedded Linux system, is introduced to the system as an IOC, to function together with the I/O modules of FA-M3 PLC on the PLC-bus. The adoption of the new IOC not only simplifies the architecture of the control system, but also improves the data transmission speed. In this paper, the design and development of the supervisory and control system for the CSNS ion source are described.
2013, 37(7): 077005. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077005
Abstract:
Both the energy recovery linac (ERL) and the free electron laser (FEL) are considered to be candidate fourth generation light sources. It is proposed to combine an FEL into an ERL facility to integrate the advantages of both, and to realize a compact two-purpose light source. A test facility to verify this principle is being designed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. One main concern is the beam breakup (BBU) instability which limits the available beam current. To this end, we developed a numerical simulation code to calculate the BBU threshold, which is found to have only a small reduction even in a high-FEL-bunch-charge operation mode, compared with that in the case with ERL bunches only. However, even with the ERL beam current far below the BBU threshold, we observed a fluctuation of the central orbit of the ERL bunches in the presence of an FEL beam. We then present a physical model of BBU and understand the mechanism of the orbit-fluctuation in an ERL-FEL two-purpose machine. We found that by choosing an appropriate FEL bunch repetition rate, the central orbit fluctuation amplitude can be well controlled.
Both the energy recovery linac (ERL) and the free electron laser (FEL) are considered to be candidate fourth generation light sources. It is proposed to combine an FEL into an ERL facility to integrate the advantages of both, and to realize a compact two-purpose light source. A test facility to verify this principle is being designed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. One main concern is the beam breakup (BBU) instability which limits the available beam current. To this end, we developed a numerical simulation code to calculate the BBU threshold, which is found to have only a small reduction even in a high-FEL-bunch-charge operation mode, compared with that in the case with ERL bunches only. However, even with the ERL beam current far below the BBU threshold, we observed a fluctuation of the central orbit of the ERL bunches in the presence of an FEL beam. We then present a physical model of BBU and understand the mechanism of the orbit-fluctuation in an ERL-FEL two-purpose machine. We found that by choosing an appropriate FEL bunch repetition rate, the central orbit fluctuation amplitude can be well controlled.
2013, 37(7): 077006. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/077006
Abstract:
To combat electron beam instabilities, a digital bunch-by-bunch transverse feedback (TFB) system has been developed for the Duke storage ring. While it is capable of suppressing transverse beam instabilities for multibunch operation, the TFB system has not been needed for typical operation of the Duke storage ring. To explore the great potential of this system, we have developed beam diagnostic techniques using the TFB, in particular, the TFB based tune measurement techniques. The tune measurement technique allows us to conduct fast chromaticity measurements, compared with the existing chromaticity measurement system using a network analyzer. This new tune measurement system also enables us to measure the bunch tune for multibunch operation of the Duke storage ring. With the TFB based tune measurement system, we have studied the tune stability of the electron beam in the Duke storage ring. This tune system has also been used to calibrate the tune knob for the Duke storage ring.
To combat electron beam instabilities, a digital bunch-by-bunch transverse feedback (TFB) system has been developed for the Duke storage ring. While it is capable of suppressing transverse beam instabilities for multibunch operation, the TFB system has not been needed for typical operation of the Duke storage ring. To explore the great potential of this system, we have developed beam diagnostic techniques using the TFB, in particular, the TFB based tune measurement techniques. The tune measurement technique allows us to conduct fast chromaticity measurements, compared with the existing chromaticity measurement system using a network analyzer. This new tune measurement system also enables us to measure the bunch tune for multibunch operation of the Duke storage ring. With the TFB based tune measurement system, we have studied the tune stability of the electron beam in the Duke storage ring. This tune system has also been used to calibrate the tune knob for the Duke storage ring.
2013, 37(7): 078001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/078001
Abstract:
A compact high precision eight-axis automatism and two-axis manual soft-ray polarimeter with a multilayer has been designed, constructed, and installed in 3W1B at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). Four operational modes in the same device, which are double-reflection, double-transmission, front-reflection-behind-transmission and front-transmission-behind-reflection, have been realized. It can be used for the polarization analysis of synchrotron radiation. It also can be used to characterize the polarization properties of the optical elements in the soft X-ray energy range. Some experiments with Mo/Si and Cr/C multilayers have been performed by using this polarimeter with good results obtained.
A compact high precision eight-axis automatism and two-axis manual soft-ray polarimeter with a multilayer has been designed, constructed, and installed in 3W1B at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). Four operational modes in the same device, which are double-reflection, double-transmission, front-reflection-behind-transmission and front-transmission-behind-reflection, have been realized. It can be used for the polarization analysis of synchrotron radiation. It also can be used to characterize the polarization properties of the optical elements in the soft X-ray energy range. Some experiments with Mo/Si and Cr/C multilayers have been performed by using this polarimeter with good results obtained.
2013, 37(7): 078201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/078201
Abstract:
Bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by medical linear accelerators are currently the most commonly used method of radiation therapy for cancerous tumors. Photons with energies greater than 8-10 MeV potentially generate neutrons through photonuclear interactions in the accelerator's treatment head, patient's body, and treatment room ambient. Electrons impinging on a heavy target generate a cascade shower of bremsstrahlung photons, the energy spectrum of which shows an end point equal to the electron beam energy. By varying the target thickness, an optimum thickness exists for which, at the given electron energy, maximum photon flux is achievable. If a source of high-energy photons i.e. bremsstrahlung, is conveniently directed to a suitable D2O target, a novel approach for production of an acceptable flux of filterable photoneturons for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) application is possible. This study consists of two parts. 1. Comparison and assessment of deuterium photonuclear cross section data. 2. Evaluation of the heavy water photonuclear source.
Bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by medical linear accelerators are currently the most commonly used method of radiation therapy for cancerous tumors. Photons with energies greater than 8-10 MeV potentially generate neutrons through photonuclear interactions in the accelerator's treatment head, patient's body, and treatment room ambient. Electrons impinging on a heavy target generate a cascade shower of bremsstrahlung photons, the energy spectrum of which shows an end point equal to the electron beam energy. By varying the target thickness, an optimum thickness exists for which, at the given electron energy, maximum photon flux is achievable. If a source of high-energy photons i.e. bremsstrahlung, is conveniently directed to a suitable D2O target, a novel approach for production of an acceptable flux of filterable photoneturons for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) application is possible. This study consists of two parts. 1. Comparison and assessment of deuterium photonuclear cross section data. 2. Evaluation of the heavy water photonuclear source.
2013, 37(7): 078202. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/7/078202
Abstract:
The spatial resolution and the relative density resolution are the two most critical indicators in CT system. The method recommended in the ASTM E1695-95 and GJB 5311-2004 is only suitable to the fan-beam CT system. In this paper, for industrial cone-beam micro CT system, we will adopt the edge response function (ERF) created by the step edges of a steel ball to measure the system 3D PSF and MTF. To describe the contrast discrimination function more accurately, we will first propose to extend the two-dimensional measurement region to the three-dimensional space. Our experimental spatial resolution is (55.56±0.56) lp/mm and the relative density resolution is 1% within 300 μm×300 μm×300 μm according to the 3σ rule.
The spatial resolution and the relative density resolution are the two most critical indicators in CT system. The method recommended in the ASTM E1695-95 and GJB 5311-2004 is only suitable to the fan-beam CT system. In this paper, for industrial cone-beam micro CT system, we will adopt the edge response function (ERF) created by the step edges of a steel ball to measure the system 3D PSF and MTF. To describe the contrast discrimination function more accurately, we will first propose to extend the two-dimensional measurement region to the three-dimensional space. Our experimental spatial resolution is (55.56±0.56) lp/mm and the relative density resolution is 1% within 300 μm×300 μm×300 μm according to the 3σ rule.
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