Observational challenges to holographic and Ricci dark energy paradigms: Insights from ACT DR6 and DESI DR2

[1]
A. G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team), Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998), arXiv: astro-ph/9805201
[2]
S. Perlmutter et al. (Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration), Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999), arXiv: astro-ph/9812133
[3]
N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020), arXiv: 1807.06209[astro-ph.CO]
[4]
S. Weinberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 1 (1989)
[5]
V. Sahni and A. A. Starobinsky, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 9, 373 (2000), arXiv: astro-ph/9904398
[6]
L. Verde, T. Treu, and A. G. Riess, Nature Astron. 3, 891 (2019), arXiv: 1907.10625[astro-ph.CO]
[7]
A. G. Riess, W. Yuan, L. M. Macri et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 934, L7 (2022), arXiv: 2112.04510[astro-ph.CO]
[8]
I. Zlatev, L. M. Wang, and P. J. Steinhardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 896 (1999), arXiv: astro-ph/9807002
[9]
P. J. Steinhardt, L. M. Wang, and I. Zlatev, Phys. Rev. D 59, 123504 (1999), arXiv: astro-ph/9812313
[10]
P. J. E. Peebles and B. Ratra, Astrophys. J. Lett. 325, L17 (1988)
[11]
B. Ratra and P. J. E. Peebles, Phys. Rev. D 37, 3406 (1988)
[12]
M. Chevallier and D. Polarski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 10, 213 (2001), arXiv: gr-qc/0009008
[13]
E. V. Linder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 091301 (2003), arXiv: astro-ph/0208512
[14]
W. Q. Yang, S. Pan, E. D. Valentino et al., Phys. Rev. D 99, 043543 (2019), arXiv: 1810.05141[astro-ph.CO]
[15]
E. M. Barboza, Jr., and J. S. Alcaniz, Phys. Lett. B 666, 415 (2008), arXiv: 0805.1713[astro-ph]
[16]
H. K. Jassal, J. S. Bagla, and T. Padmanabhan, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 356, L11 (2005), arXiv: astro-ph/0404378
[17]
J. Z. Ma and X. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 699, 233 (2011), arXiv: 1102.2671[astro-ph.CO]
[18]
M. Li, Phys. Lett. B 603, 1 (2004), arXiv: hep-th/0403127
[19]
A. G. Cohen, D. B. Kaplan, and A. E. Nelson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4971 (1999), arXiv: hep-th/9803132
[20]
C. J. Gao, F. Q. Wu, X. L. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. D 79, 043511 (2009), arXiv: 0712.1394[astro-ph]
[21]
B. Wang, E. Abdalla, and R. K. Su, Phys. Lett. B 611, 21 (2005), arXiv: hep-th/0404057
[22]
Q. G. Huang and Y. G. Gong, JCAP 08, 006 (2004), arXiv: astro-ph/0403590
[23]
S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Gen. Rel. Grav. 38, 1285 (2006), arXiv: hep-th/0506212
[24]
X. Zhang, Commun. Theor. Phys. 44, 762 (2005)
[25]
X. Zhang and F. Q. Wu, Phys. Rev. D 72, 043524 (2005), arXiv: astroph/0506310
[26]
X. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 648, 1 (2007), arXiv: astro-ph/0604484
[27]
X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 74, 103505 (2006), arXiv: astroph/0609699
[28]
M. R. Setare, Phys. Lett. B 644, 99 (2007), arXiv: hep-th/0610190
[29]
X. Zhang and F. Q. Wu, Phys. Rev. D 76, 023502 (2007), arXiv: astro-ph/0701405
[30]
J. F. Zhang, X. Zhang, and H. Y. Liu, Eur. Phys. J. C 52, 693 (2007), arXiv: 0708.3121[hep-th]
[31]
X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 79, 103509 (2009), arXiv: 0901.2262[astro-ph.CO]
[32]
M. Li, X. D. Li, S. Wang et al., JCAP 06, 036 (2009), arXiv: 0904.0928[astro-ph.CO]
[33]
M. Li, X. D. Li, and X. Zhang, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 53, 1631 (2010), arXiv: 0912.3988[astro-ph.CO]
[34]
J. F. Zhang, M. M. Zhao, J. L. Cui et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 3178 (2014), arXiv: 1409.6078[astro-ph.CO]
[35]
R. C. G. Landim, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 25, 1650050 (2016), arXiv: 1508.07248[hep-th]
[36]
L. Feng and X. Zhang, JCAP 08, 072 (2016), arXiv: 1607.05567[astro-ph.CO]
[37]
Y. H. Li, S. Wang, X. D. Li et al., JCAP 02, 033 (2013), arXiv: 1207.6679[astro-ph.CO]
[38]
S. Wang, Y. Wang, and M. Li, Phys. Rept. 696, 1 (2017), arXiv: 1612.00345[astro-ph.CO]
[39]
H. Moradpour, A. H. Ziaie, and M. Kord Zangeneh, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 732 (2020), arXiv: 2005.06271[gr-qc]
[40]
N. Drepanou, A. Lymperis, E. N. Saridakis et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 449 (2022), arXiv: 2109.09181[gr-qc]
[41]
T. Kibe, P. Mandayam, and A. Mukhopadhyay, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 463 (2022), arXiv: 2110.14669[hep-th]
[42]
Z. H. Zhang, S. Li, X. D. Li et al., JCAP 06, 009 (2012), arXiv: 1204.6135[astro-ph.CO]
[43]
J. F. Zhang, M. M. Zhao, Y. H. Li et al., JCAP 04, 038 (2015), arXiv: 1502.04028[astro-ph.CO]
[44]
E. Ó. Colgáin and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, Class. Quant. Grav. 38, 177001 (2021), arXiv: 2102.09816[gr-qc]
[45]
S. Wang and M. Li, Commun. Theor. Phys. 75, 117401 (2023)
[46]
T. N. Li, Y. H. Li, G. H. Du et al. (2024), arXiv: 2411.08639 [astro-ph.CO]
[47]
J. X. Li and S. Wang (2024), arXiv: 2412.09064 [astro-ph.CO]
[48]
X. Tang, Y. Z. Ma, W. M. Dai et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 46, 101568 (2024), arXiv: 2407.08427[astro-ph.CO]
[49]
O. Trivedi and R. J. Scherrer, Phys. Rev. D 110, 023521 (2024), arXiv: 2404.08912[astro-ph.CO]
[50]
G. Guin, S. Paul, and S. Gangopadhyay (2025), arXiv: 2507.01070 [gr-qc]
[51]
Y. Y. Xu and X. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C 76, 588 (2016), arXiv: 1607.06262[astro-ph.CO]
[52]
S. X. Wen, S. Wang, and X. L. Luo, JCAP 07, 011 (2018), arXiv: 1708.03143[astroph.CO]
[53]
J. X. Li and S. Wang, JCAP 07, 047 (2025), arXiv: 2412.09064[astro-ph.CO]
[54]
P. J. Wu, Phys. Rev. D 112, 043527 (2025), arXiv: 2504.09054[astro-ph.CO]
[55]
Thibaut Louis et al. (ACT Collaboration), (2025), arXiv: 2503.14452 [astro-ph.CO]
[56]
M. Abdul Karim et al. (DESI Collaboration), (2025), arXiv: 2503.14738 [astro-ph.CO]
[57]
T. M. C. Abbott et al. (DES Collaboration), (2024), arXiv: 2401.02929 [astro-ph.CO]
[58]
K. Lodha et al. (DESI Collaboration), (2025), arXiv: 2503.14743 [astro-ph.CO]
[59]
C. Garcia-Quintero et al. (DESI Collaboration), (2025), arXiv: 2504.18464 [astro-ph.CO]
[60]
S. Barua and S. Desai, Phys. Dark Univ. 49, 101995 (2025), arXiv: 2506.12709[astroph.CO]
[61]
Y. P. Yang, (2025),, arXiv: 2508.17848 [astro-ph.CO]
[62]
M. Scherer, M. A. Sabogal, R. C. Nunes et al., Phys. Rev. D 112, 043513 (2025), arXiv: 2504.20664[astro-ph.CO]
[63]
E. Silva, M. A. Sabogal, M. Scherer et al., Phys. Rev. D 111, 123511 (2025), arXiv: 2503.23225[astro-ph.CO]
[64]
T. N. Li, P. J. Wu, G. H. Du et al. (2025), arXiv: 2507.07798 [astroph.CO]
[65]
R. Shah, P. Mukherjee, and S. Pal, (2025), arXiv: 2503.21652 [astro-ph.CO]
[66]
G. H. Du, T. N. Li, P. J. Wu et al. (2025), arXiv: 2507.16589 [astro-ph.CO]
[67]
Y. H. Pang, X. Zhang, and Q. G. Huang, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 68, 280410 (2025), arXiv: 2503.21600[astro-ph.CO]
[68]
P. J. Wu and X. Zhang, (2024), arXiv: 2411.06356 [astro-ph.CO]
[69]
T. N. Li, G. H. Du, Y. H. Li et al. (2025), arXiv: 2501.07361 [astro-ph.CO]
[70]
A. Paliathanasis (2025), arXiv: 2503.20896 [astro-ph.CO]
[71]
S. Hur, V. Jejjala, M. J. Kavic et al. (2025), arXiv: 2503.20854 [hep-th]
[72]
Z. Y. Lu, T. Simon, and P. Zhang (2025), arXiv: 2503.04602 [astro-ph.CO]
[73]
L. A. Ureña-López et al. (2025), arXiv: 2503.20178 [astro-ph.CO]
[74]
L. A. Anchordoqui, I. Antoniadis, and D. Lust, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139632 (2025), arXiv: 2503.19428[hep-th]
[75]
J. M. Pan and G. Ye (2025), arXiv: 2503.19898 [astro-ph.CO]
[76]
S. Pan, S. Paul, E. N. Saridakis et al. (2025), arXiv: 2504.00994 [astro-ph.CO]
[77]
C. Y. You, D. Wang, and T. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 112, 043503 (2025), arXiv: 2504.00985[astro-ph.CO]
[78]
S. Afroz and S. Mukherjee (2025), arXiv: 2504.16868 [astro-ph.CO]
[79]
B. R. Dinda and R. Maartens, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 542, L31 (2025), arXiv: 2504.15190[astro-ph.CO]
[80]
W. Giarè, T. Mahassen, E. D. Valentino et al., Phys. Dark Univ. 48, 101906 (2025), arXiv: 2502.10264[astro-ph.CO]
[81]
E. M. Teixeira, W. Giarè, N. B. Hogg et al., Phys. Rev. D 112, 023515 (2025), arXiv: 2504.10464[astro-ph.CO]
[82]
G. Ye and Y. Cai (2025), arXiv: 2503.22515 [gr-qc]
[83]
S. R. Choudhury, Astrophys. J. Lett. 986, L31 (2025), arXiv: 2504.15340[astro-ph.CO]
[84]
W. J. Wolf, C. García-García, T. Anton et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 081001 (2025), arXiv: 2504.07679[astro-ph.CO]
[85]
W. J. Wolf, P. G. Ferreira, and C. García-García, Phys. Rev. D 111, L041303 (2025), arXiv: 2409.17019[astro-ph.CO]
[86]
D. Wang (2025), arXiv: 2504.21481 [astro-ph.CO]
[87]
R. de Souza, G. Rodrigues, and J. Alcaniz (2025), arXiv: 2504.16337 [astro-ph.CO]
[88]
E. Ó. Colgáin, S. Pourojaghi, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari et al. (2025), arXiv: 2504.04417 [astroph.CO]
[89]
I. D. Gialamas, G. Hütsi, K. Kannike et al.,Phys. Rev. D 111, 043540 (2025), arXiv: 2406.07533 [astro-ph.CO]
[90]
H. Y. Cheng, E. Di Valentino, L. A. Escamilla et al. (2025), arXiv: 2505.02932 [astro-ph.CO]
[91]
G. G. Luciano, A. Paliathanasis, and E. N. Saridakis, JHEAp 49, 100427 (2026), arXiv: 2506.03019[gr-qc]
[92]
Y. F. Cai, X. Ren, T. T. Qiu et al. (2025), arXiv: 2505.24732 [astro-ph.CO]
[93]
S. Lee (2025), arXiv: 2505.19052 [astro-ph.CO]
[94]
S. Hussain, S. Arora, A. Z. Wang et al. (2025), arXiv: 2505.09913 [astro-ph.CO
[95]
M. V. Raamsdonk and C. Waddell (2025), arXiv: 2505.10662 [astroph.CO]
[96]
H. P. An, C. C. Han, and B. Zhang et al. (2025), arXiv: 2506.10075 [hep-ph]
[97]
M. van der Westhuizen, D. Figueruelo, R. Thubisi et al. (2025), arXiv: 2505.23306 [astro-ph.CO]
[98]
W. K. Lin, L. Visinelli, and T. T. Yanagida (2025), arXiv: 2504.17638 [astro-ph.CO]
[99]
U. K. Tyagi, S. Haridasu, and S. Basak (2025), arXiv: 2504.11308 [astro-ph.CO]
[100]
T. N. Li, P. J. Wu, G. H. Du et al., Astrophys. J. 976, 1 (2024), arXiv: 2407.14934[astro-ph.CO]
[101]
M. A. Sabogal and R. C. Nunes (2025), arXiv: 2505.24465 [astro-ph.CO]
[102]
I. D. Gialamas, G. Hütsi, M.Raidal et al. (2025), arXiv: 2506.21542 [astro-ph.CO]
[103]
E. Özülker, E. Di Valentino, and W. Giarè (2025), arXiv: 2506.19053 [astro-ph.CO]
[104]
Z. Bayat and M. P. Hertzberg, JCAP 08, 065 (2025), arXiv: 2505.18937[astro-ph.CO]
[105]
S. Hussain, S.n Arora, Y. Rana et al. (2025), arXiv: 2507.05207 [gr-qc]
[106]
F. Feleppa, G. Lambiase, and S. Vagnozzi (2025), arXiv: 2508.18448 [gr-qc]
[107]
E. Di Valentino et al. (CosmoVerse Network Collaboration), Phys. Dark Univ. 49, 101965 (2025), arXiv: 2504.01669[astro-ph.CO]
[108]
P. J. Wu, M. Zhang, and S. J. Jin (2025), arXiv: 2512.05548 [astro-ph.CO]
[109]
B. Feng, X. L. Wang, and X. M. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 607, 35 (2005), arXiv: astroph/0404224
[110]
G. Efstathiou and S. Gratton (2019), arXiv: 1910.00483 [astro-ph.CO]
[111]
E. Rosenberg, S. Gratton, and G. Efstathiou, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 517, 4620 (2022), arXiv: 2205.10869[astro-ph.CO]
[112]
A. Gelman and D. B. Rubin, Statist. Sci. 7, 457 (1992)
[113]
J. Torrado and A. Lewis, JCAP 05, 057 (2021), arXiv: 2005.05290[astro-ph.IM]
[114]
E. G. M. Ferreira, E. McDonough, L. Balkenhol et al.(2025), arXiv: ., arXiv: 2507.12459 [astro-ph.CO]
[115]
E. Calabrese et al. (Atacama Cosmology Telescope Collaboration), JCAP 11, 063 (2025), arXiv: 2503.14454 [astroph.CO]